The Facts on Islam
Answers to the Most
Frequently Asked Questions
John Ankerberg & John Weldon
Preface
Apart from Christianity, Islam is arguably the most influential
religion on earth. It is the second largest religion in the world
and the powerful resurgence of Islamic fundamentalism continues
to spread the Muslim faith in more moderate Islamic nations. What
is the difference between the two terms, "Islam" and
"Muslim"?
"Islam" is the correct name for the religion that the
Muslim prophet Muhammad claimed God (Allah) revealed to him
through the angel Gabriel. The name is derived from the
infinitive of the Arabic verb "to submit" (i.e., to
Allah's will). "Muslim" is the correct term for a
follower of Islam and comes from the present participle of the
same verb.1
- More than any other single factor, the followers of Islam have
their lives directed by the book they believe is the Word of God—the
Koran. Dr. J. Christy Wilson of Princeton University comments
that, "Next to the Bible, it is the most esteemed and most
powerful book in the world."2 Whatever Muslims
believe, and do, it is the teachings in the Koran that have
inspired these beliefs and actions. This is why no one can
underestimate the importance of the Koran.
The purpose of this booklet is first, to supply a critique of
Islam from the perspective of history and Christian faith, and
second, to encourage persons familiar with this information to
seek appropriate and effective ways of relating that information
to their Muslim friends. The material in this booklet is introductory—primarily
to inform Christians and non-Muslims about Islam as it relates
both to Christian and Muslim truth claims.
Regrettably, Muslims often have a number of unfortunate
misunderstandings concerning Christianity. Muslims may also be
very sensitive to even valid criticisms about Islam, the Koran or
Muhammad and so dialogue can be difficult. Help on effectively
relating to Muslims ("Dos" and "Don'ts," etc.)
can be found in the note preceding our footnotes. We emphasize
that any Christian desiring to minister to Muslims will find it
helpful to continue studies in this direction.
Muslims may refuse to approve translations of the Koran.
Nevertheless, a good English translation does provide
sufficiently accurate meanings of the original.
The translations we have chosen to cite
include those by A. J. Arberry, which in the words of Wilfred
Cantwell Smith of Harvard University, is "the one that comes
closest to conveying the impression made on the Muslims by the
original";3 that of the Iranian scholar Dawood,
Director of Contemporary Translation Limited and Managing
Director of the Arabic Advertising and Publishing Company, Ltd.,
London; that of J. M. Rodwell, which "has been declared by
modern scholars to be one of the best translations ever produced"4
and that by Abdullah Yusuf Ali, The Holy Qur'an, widely
used among American Muslims and considered by them among the best
of translations. Indeed, "Some Muslims are prepared to
commend the accuracy of the best of these translations, and to
admit their value as interpretation, though not official
interpretation, of the meaning of the sacred text."5
- While Muslims may be critical of non-Muslim translations (as e.g.,
Ali is of Rodwell's) one should not necessarily conclude Muslim
translations are always more accurate. For example, "Muslim
translators such as Yusuf Ali will not hesitate to mistranslate
the Arabic text [cf. Sura 5:76] in order to keep the English
reader from discovering obvious errors in the Quran....The
readers of his translation must be aware of its hidden apologetic
agenda."53
Finally, it should be noted there are different traditions of
Islam (e.g., Sunni, Shi'ite and Sufi) and correspondingly quite
different interpretations of the Koran.
SECTION
I The Religion of Islam: Introduction
1.
What is Islam?
Islam is
the world religion founded by an Arabian visionary named Muhammad
(ca. 570-632 A.D.; var. sp.: Muhammed, Mohammed) who was born in
the city of Mecca in Arabia. Muhammad claimed he received super
natural revelations from God through the angel Gabriel. These
revelations were written down by others and com piled into a book
called the Koran, the Muslim Bible (var. sp: Quran).
Islam today is comprised of two principal schools— the majority
Sunni school (90%) and the minority Shi'ite school (10%). In
addition, there are millions of Muslim mystics called Sufis. In
America, Muslim influence is seen in traditional Islam as well as
the militant, racist black Muslim movement.6 There are
now between 5 and 8 million Muslims in America and their numbers
will apparently continue to expand for the foreseeable future.
2.
Why is Islam important?
In brief,
Islam is important for the following reasons. First, there are
one billion followers of Islam in the world. Second, the
collective power of Islam is able to dramatically influence the
world economy through OPEC. Third, the growing religious
influence of Islam outside Islamic nations is unmistakable.
Fourth, Islam has the ability to play a key role in the social
stability or instability of dozens of governments around the
world. Fifth a principal goal of Islam is to bring Islamic law to
every nation.7
Islam is
important because it has the power to change the destinies of
hundreds of millions of people—and per haps the West itself.
Further, Arab nationalism and the Muslim religion have become the
single most crucial issue in the volatile Middle East, now a
focal point for the attention of the entire world. No one can
know how a major crisis in that region may ultimately affect the
rest of the world. But the possibilities are sobering.8
The
influence of Islam in the modern world is increasing daily in
other ways. With its recent rise to over one billion in
membership, it claims to be the fastest growing religion in the
world and it dominates over 40 countries on three continents. It
is the driving force behind numerous nations in the Middle East,
Africa and Asia. Indeed, well over thirty countries now have
populations that are at least 87% Muslim. It has also become the
second largest religion in Europe and the third largest in the U.S.
Thus, Islam is now Britain's third largest religion. In 1974
France had one mosque; today there are over 1600. There are now
more Muslims than Methodists in Chicago and over 500,000 in Los
Angeles alone. All told, in the U.S., there are over 1,000
mosques and Islamic centers, some 400 Muslim student
organizations and dozens of professional organizations.9
Finally, the ideological influence of Islam
expands to other nations on a daily basis and Islamic
fundamentalism is increasingly aggressive. Religiously, socially,
politically, economically and militarily, Islam will continue to
powerfully impact our world. For example,
Christian readers of this booklet should not
think Islam is of little concern to the Church. The January 1996
World Watch Persecution Index, published by Open Doors, revealed
that, apart from North Korea and China, Islamic dominated
countries occupied every single spot on the top ten list of
countries where persecution of Christians is most severe. Some of
the reasons for this unfortunate situation will become evident as
we proceed.
3.
How did Islam begin?
Islam
began with the supernatural visions and rev elations that
Muhammad claimed he received from Allah through the angel Gabriel
beginning in 610 A.D. Because Muhammad was uneducated and could
neither read nor write, these revelations were first memorized
and then later written down by his followers. The authoritative Cambridge
History of Islam discusses these revelations by noting that,
"Either in the course of the visions or shortly afterwards,
Muhammad began to receive 'messages' or 'revelations' from God....He
believed that he could easily distinguish between his own
thinking and these revelations... .Muhammad continued to receive
the messages at intervals until his death."10
In
addition to the revelations, the personality of Muhammad played
an important role in the success of Islam. His character was both
complex and contradictory. Sir Norman Anderson studied law at
Cambridge, and Arabic and Islamic law at the University of Cairo.
He is considered an authority on both comparative religion and
Islamic law and teaches at the University of London. In The
World's Religions, he describes the temperament of Muhammad:
"the adult Muhammad soon showed signs of a markedly
religious disposition. He would retire to caves for seclusion and
meditation; he frequently practiced fasting; and he was prone to
[revolutionary] dreams... .He was generous, resolute, genial and
astute: a shrewd judge and a born leader of men. He could,
however, be cruel and vindictive to his enemies: he could stoop
to assassination; and he was undeniably sensual."11(cf>12)
One of the leading biographers of our modern era, Robert Payne,
observes that "violence and gentleness were at war within
him."13
In conclusion, Islam began as a consequence of super natural
revelations received by Muhammad. Whatever Islam has accomplished
historically, whatever it is today, it results largely from these
supernatural revelations received by Muhammad some 1,400 years
ago.
However at the end of his life, Muhammad failed to name a
successor. This failure resulted in the major divi sion of Islam
into the majority Sunni and minority Shi'ite branches, each
claiming to be true Islam. These divisions disagree as to the
legitimate successor of Muhammad and over who offers the most
accurate representation of Islamic faith.14
4.
What are the basic Muslim beliefs?
Every
Muslim must hold to six basic beliefs or articles of Islamic
faith. They are:
Faith in Allah
Muslims believe there is only one true God and that his name is
Allah. His will is supreme.
Angels
Muslims believe in angels—such as "Gabriel" who
allegedly transmitted the Koran to Muhammad.
The Holy Books
Muslims believe that Allah has given a long series of
revelations, including the Old and New Testaments. But these
revelations end with the Koran which supersedes and to a large
degree abrogates the others. For all practical purposes, Muslims
accept only the Koran as the Word of God. For example, they
believe Allah's earlier revelations in the Bible have been
corrupted and/or falsely interpreted by Jesus and Christians and,
there fore, require the Koran to be understood properly.
(Because Muslims rely on this idea so heavily in their
interaction with Christians, we have provided documentation
showing why the New Testament documents are accurate and truthful.
If they choose to deal fairly with the historical evidence,
Muslims must logically accept the reliability of the New
Testament text (see Q. 18).)
The
Prophets
Muslims believe Allah has sent 124,000 prophets to mankind,
although only about 25 are mentioned in the Koran. Six of the
principal prophets are Adam, the chosen of Allah; Noah, the
preacher of Allah; Abraham, the friend of Allah; Moses, the
speaker of Allah; Jesus, the word of Allah; and Muhammad, the
apostle of Allah.
Because Muhammad's revelation is considered the greatest of all,
he is called the "Seal of the Prophets," "Peace of
the World" and given over 200 other appellations.
Predestination
Muslims believe everything that happens, both good and evil, is
predestined by Allah's will, his immutable decree.
The Day
of Judgment
Muslims believe that on this Day the good and evil deeds of men
will be placed on a "scale." Those Muslims having
sufficient personal merit and righteousness (and the favor of
Allah) will go to eternal heaven; all others will go to eternal
hell.
The above
are required articles of faith but are also related to specific
Muslim practices.
5. What religious duties are required of all Muslims?
Every Muslim must practice at least five
fundamental religious duties. These are known as the Pillars of
Religion. They are considered obligatory—observances upon which
successful practice of the Muslim faith rests.
The first is reciting the creed of Islam. There is no God but
Allah and Muhammad is his prophet.".
The second
involves prayer. The Muslim must recite prescribed prayers five
times a day. Each time he must adopt a physical procedure:
standing, kneeling, hands and face to the ground, etc. The call
to prayer is sounded by a Muslim muezzin (crier) from a
tower called a minaret. This is part of the Muslim church
or public place of worship called the mosque.
The third
religious duty is observing the month of fasting called Ramadan.
This fast commemorates the first revelation of the Koran that
Mohammed received in 610 AD. Although eating is permitted at
night, for an entire month Muslims must fast during the day.
The fourth
pillar of Islamic duty is the giving of alms to the poor. Muslims
are required to give 2.5% of their currency plus other forms of
wealth, as determined by a complicated system.
The fifth and last duty is that of a
pilgrimage to Mecca, Muhammad's place of birth. This is required
at least once during the lifetime of every Muslim who is
physically and financially able to make the trip (unless he is a
slave).
A sixth
religious duty may be associated with the above five pillars,
although it may also be considered optional. This is the Muslim
holy war or jihad. Jihad may be interpreted as internal (as
spiritual struggle)
For example, Saddam Hussein attempted to gather support for his
takeover of Kuwait and his war against America by issuing a call
to Muslims for a holy war against the West. Although this largely
failed because of Hussein's blatant secularism, it did not fail
entirely. The end result was over 100 terrorist actions committed
against America and Western interests in the first month of the
war, not to mention massive demonstrations against the West in
many Islamic countries.
SECTION
II
The
Theology of Islam: Is It Compatible with Christian Belief?
6.
What does Islam teach about God and is he like the God of the
Bible?
Islam
teaches that the true God is the Muslim deity, Allah. All other
views of God are false because the Koran teaches, "The true
religion with God is Islam."15 The Koran
emphasizes of Allah: "There is no God but he, the Living,
the everlasting."16
But who is Allah? Is he anything like the God of Christian faith?
As we will see, the Muslim God is entirely different from the
biblical God. First, the Koran stresses that Allah is one person
only: "They are unbelievers who say, 'God is the Third of
Three.' No god is there but one God. If they refrain not from
what they say, there shall afflict those of them that disbelieve
a painful chastisement."17 Here, the Koran
emphasizes that Christians are unbelievers because they accept
the historic Christian doctrine of the Trinity.18 But,
as we fully documented in our Knowing the Truth About the
Trinity (Harvest House, 1997), the Bible unmistakably tells
us that God has revealed Himself as a triune Being, as One God
eternally existing in three Persons—Father, Son and Holy Spirit
(Mt. 28:19: Jn. 1:1.14: Acts 5:3-4).19 Although
many Muslims believe otherwise, Christians do not believe
in three gods. This idea is a clear misrepresentation of
Christian belief. Christians are not polytheists, who accept
three gods, but monotheists who believe in one God.
Second, the Muslim God has a different character than the
biblical God. It is significant that of the "99 beautiful
names for Allah," which Muslims memorize and use for
worship, not one of these names is "love" or "loving."
The Koran stresses that Allah only "loves" those who do
good, but that he does not love those who are bad. Allah himself
emphasizes that he does not love the sinner.20
Thus, the love of Allah is not the love of the Bible. The biblical
God does love the sinner—in fact. He loves all sinners. God
does not love the sin, but He does love the sinner: "Christ
died for the ungodly....
God demonstrates his own love for us in this: while
we were still sinners, Christ died for us....if when we
were God's enemies, we were reconciled to him through the
death of his Son, how much more, having been recon ciled, shall
we be saved through his life?" (Rom. 5:6,8,10). Essentially,
Allah is primarily a God of power, not a God of love. But the
Bible declares, "God is love" (1 Jn. 4:6). Next,
through predestination of all things, Allah is considered the
direct author of both good and evil. This is not the God
of the Bible. While the biblical God is sovereign and permits
evil, He is not its direct cause. Even when it is part of His
plan, He frequently turns it to a higher good, as seen in the
death of Jesus for our sins, Joseph being sold into slavery (Gen.
45:8; 50:20) and in Romans 8:28: "And we know that in all
things God works for the good of those who love him, who have
been called according to his purpose." Again, the biblical
God is not the direct author of evil. Rather, He is infinitely
holy and righteous (1 Sam. 2:2; Ps. 77:13; 99:9; Rev. 15:4) and
His "eyes are too pure to look on evil" (Hab.l:3).
Third, Allah is ultimately unknowable and
incomprehensible. In Who Is Allah in Islam, Abd-al-Masih
writes, "Allah is the unique, unexplorable, and inexplicable
one—the remote, vast and unknown God. Everything we think about
him is incomplete, if not wrong. Allah cannot be comprehended."203
In "What Is Allah Like?" George Houssney writes, "we
humans can never know Allah, because he is so far from us and so
different from us. The only knowledge Muslims may admit to is
knowledge about Allah, not a personal, experiential knowledge of
him. People cannot know Allah and should not even try to know him.
Allah is not involved in the affairs of humans." Thus,
Houssney goes on to point out the contrast between Muslim and
Christian concepts concerning humanities' relationship to God:
"The Christian claim that humans can have a relationship
with God is considered by Muslims to be a metaphysical
impossibility. To Muslims, Allah has not revealed himself, but
rather he has revealed his mashi'at (desires and wishes, i.e.,
his will). His will, according to Islamic teaching, is limited to
Islamic law. A person per forms the will of Allah when he follows
the dictates of the Islamic legal system."* Finally,
Houssney further illustrates the distinction between Muslim and
Christian concepts of God at this point: "Allah has no
personality and is indescribable by any characteristic
attributable to man. Most of his attributes are absolute
qualities which are unique to himself, like adjectives of majesty.
Although some of his attributes may appear to be relational, such
as mercy, they are nonmutual and one-directional. According to
the Islamic doctrine of Allah, he is nonrelational. To claim that
Allah is relational is to make him dependent on his creation."20b
All this stands in contrast to the biblical teaching that men and
women can know God personally on an intimate, relational
level. Consider the scriptures below: e.g., "This is eternal
life to know Thee the only true God and Jesus Christ whom
thou has sent" (Jn. 17:3). "Jesus said, 'my sheep know
me'" (Jn. 10:14).
The
Apostle Paul prayed for Christian believers concerning God,
"that you may know him better." (Eph. 1:17) The
Apostle Paul also said, "I know whom I have believed"
(2 Tim. 1:12).
The
Apostle John emphasized, "We know that we have come
to know him if we obey his commands.
* ( This
involves the Koran as interpreted by Muslim clerics; cf. q.17;
to submit to the "will of Allah," is to submit to the
religious leaders' interpretations of the Koran which involve
every thing relating to life, including Islamic law, politics,
cultural customs, family, etc. To submit to Allah is to submit to
the Islamic powers that be. The concept of separation of church
and state is never found in Muslim nations. )
The man who says, 'I know him," but
does not do what he commands is a liar, and the truth is not in
him" (1 Jn. 2:3-4). Thus, he emphasized, "Dear friends,
let us love one another, for loves comes from God. Everyone who
loves has been born of God and knows God. Whoever does not
love does not know God, because God is love" (1 Jn.
4:7-8).
The above
reveals that the Muslim God, Allah, and the biblical God, Yahweh,
constitute two distinct and opposing concepts of God.
Regrettably, because Muslims teach that Allah alone is the one
true God, they claim that Christians worship a false god.
7.
What does Islam teach about Jesus Christ?
Muslims
claim that they believe in the true Jesus Christ. Muslims praise
Jesus as a prophet of God, as sinless, as "the Messiah,"
as "illustrious in this world and the next,"21
as "the Word of Allah" and as "the Spirit of God."
Muslims cite the Koran in confirmation of their belief in Jesus:
e.g., "And we gave Jesus, Son of Mary, the clear signs, and
confirmed Him with the Holy Spirit."22
Unfortunately,
however, Islam does not believe in the biblical Jesus
Christ. The Bible teaches that Jesus is God's one and only Son.
Jesus Himself taught this, e.g., "For God so loved the world
that he gave his one and only Son, that whoever believes
in him shall not perish but have eternal life....Whoever believes
in him is not condemned, but whoever does not believe stands condemned
already because he has not believed in the name of God's one
and only Son." (Jn. 3:16, 18, cf., Mt. 11:27; 26:64).
God Himself declared of Jesus at His baptism, "And a voice
from heaven said, 'This is my Son, whom I love; with him I am
well pleased" (Mt. 3:17, cf., 17:5). Finally, the Apostles
Paul and John also declared that Jesus is God's Son (Rom 1:3; 1
Jn. 5:9-12). In fact, virtually every book in the New Testament
either declares or assumes that Jesus is God's unique Son.
On the
other hand, Islam asserts that Jesus was merely one of God's many
prophets or messengers, and not God's only Son. Muslims strongly
reject the idea that Jesus is the Son of God because the Koran
repeatedly empha sizes that Jesus Christ is not the
literal Son of God:*
"It is not for God to take a son unto
Him."23
"They
say, 'God has taken to Him a son'.... Say: 'Those who forge
against God falsehood shall not prosper.'"24
"Praise belongs to God, who has not taken to Him a son,..."25
"...Warn those who say, 'God has taken to Himself a son';...a
monstrous word it is, issuing out of their mouths; they say
nothing but a lie"26
"But who does greater evil than he who forges against God a
lie?"27
"They are unbelievers who say, 'God is the Messiah, Mary's
Son'"28
Thus, the
Koran emphatically denies that Jesus Christ is the Son of God—again,
a teaching Jesus Himself just as emphatically affirmed (Jn. 3:16,
18; 10:36-38).
In
conclusion, the Christian view of Jesus Christ as God's literal
Son is considered blasphemous to the Muslim.29 All's
translation of Sura 5:73,78 reads, "They do blaspheme who
say: 'God is Christ the son of Mary.... Christ the son of Mary
was no more than an apostle."29
Obviously,
then, Muslims deny that Jesus Christ was God incarnate. Any
Muslim who believes that Jesus Christ is God has committed "the
one unforgivable sin"30 called shirk—a
sin that will send him to hell forever.31 The Koran
clearly teaches that Jesus was only a man:
"The
Messiah, Jesus Son of Mary, was only the Messenger of God....
"32
Sura 43:59 asserts: "Jesus was no more than a mortal whom [Allah]
favored and made an example to the Israelites."33
But even
though Jesus Himself claimed He was God on many different
occasions (see below), the Koran rejects this and has Jesus
denying His own deity. Thus, when Allah asks Jesus if He is God,
Jesus replies, "It is not mine to say what I have no right
to."34 In fact, even as a baby, Jesus allegedly
claimed He was only a ser vant of Allah. According to Sura
19:20,34, Jesus praised his birth and then said, "I am the
servant of Allah."
Further,
Muslims do not believe that Jesus was crucified and died on the
cross. They believe Allah would never permit this to happen to
one of his special prophets.
When Muslims deny that Christ was crucified
on the cross—and teach instead that God substituted someone else
in His place—they reject the clearest teaching of the New
Testament. Even Jesus prophesied—repeat edly—that He had to
go to the cross and that this was God's direct will for Him:
From that time on Jesus began to explain to his disciples that he
must go to Jerusalem and suffer many things at the hands of the
elders, chief priests and teachers of the law and that he must be
killed and on the third day be raised to life (Mt. 16:21).
Jesus took
the Twelve aside and told them, "We are going up to
Jerusalem, and everything that is written by the prophets about
the Son of Man will be fulfilled. He will be handed over to the
Gentiles. They will mock him, insult him, spit on him, flog him
and kill him. On the third day he will rise again" (Lk.
18:31-33).
Now my
heart is troubled, and what shall I say? "Father, save me
from this hour"? No, it was for this very reason I came to
this hour (Jn. 12:27).
Innumerable
eyewitnesses, both Jesus' friends and enemies, saw Jesus die on
the cross. Further, many of His apostles and friends were also
eyewitnesses to His resurrection from the dead, confirming His
claim to be the Son of God (Jn. 19:23-27, 31-35; Rom. 1:3).
Finally,
Islam teaches that Muhammad was a supe rior prophet to Jesus
because he brought God's final and best revelations to man. Badru
D. Kateregga, a former lecturer and head of the Islamic studies
and comparative religion at Kenyatta University College,
University of Nairobi, Kenya, exemplifies the Muslim view of
Jesus as an inferior prophet to Muhammad:
The truth
that all the previous prophets have proclaimed to humanity was
perfected by Prophet Muhammad.... The Qur'an, which is Allah's final
guidance to mankind, was revealed to the Prophet Muhammad,...the
seal of all prophets, 600 years after the Prophet Isa (Jesus)....
Muhammad...is the one prophet who fulfilled Allah's
mission during his lifetime.
Muslims believe in and respect all the
prophets of God who preceded Muhammad.... They all brought
a uni form message—Islam—from Allah. Muhammad is the last in
seal of prophethood. Through him, Islam was completed and
perfected. As he brought the last and latest guidance for all
mankind, it is he alone to whom Muslims turn for guidance.35
Thus, "Muhammad...is the last prophet and mes senger of
Allah. His mission was for the whole world and for all times"
(4:35). In other words, Muslims must not turn to Jesus for
spiritual guidance, only to Muhammad.
Again,
unfortunately, Muslims are wrong. Jesus Christ is far more than
one of God's messengers or prophets. As we saw, Jesus Christ is
God's one and only Son (Jn. 3:16-18). Further, He is the Second
Person of the Trinity, God incarnate—God Himself (Jn. 1:1, 14;
5:18). Jesus claimed to be both "the Lord" and "God":
"You call Me 'Teacher' and 'Lord' and rightly so, for that
is what I am" (Jn. 13:13). And, "Anyone who has seen me
has seen the Father [God]" (Jn. 14:9). "I and the
Father [God] are one" (Jn. 10:30).
In
conclusion, both the Koran and the Muslim religion are in error
concerning their teachings on the most important man of history,
Jesus Christ. Islam claims that it honors and reverences Jesus.
But unfortunately, it rejects what the Bible teaches about Jesus
and what Jesus taught about Himself.
8.
What does Islam teach about salvation?
Because
the Koran teaches that, "The true religion with God is Islam"36
this means for the Muslim that sal vation is achieved only
through submission to the teach ings of Allah. Thus, salvation in
Islam requires one must be a member of the Islamic faith. "Whoso
desires another religion than Islam, it shall not be accepted of
him; in the next world he shall be among the losers."37
Thus: "But those who disbelieve, and die disbelieving—upon
them shall rest the curse of God and the angels, and of men
altogether, there indwelling forever; the chastise ment shall not
be lightened for them; no respite shall be given them."38
But, what
exactly does the Muslim believe about salvation? Below we present
four basic teachings that reveal what Islam teaches about
salvation.
A. Islam
teaches that forgiveness is conditioned upon good works and
Allah's choice of mercy.
Islam is a religion of salvation by personal
righteousness. In other words, the Muslim believes that by
striving to please God and by doing good works, he will hopefully
gain entrance to heaven through personal merit.
The Koran clearly teaches that salvation is
achieved on the basis of good works. Considering the following
statements:
"...every
soul shall be paid in full what it has earned,..."39
"...God loves those who cleanse themselves."40
"Gardens
of Eden, underneath which rivers flow, there indwelling forever;
that is the recompense of the self-purified."41
Islam
teaches that on the Day of Judgment one's good and evil deeds
will be weighed on a scale. Good works are heavy and evil deeds
are light. Thus, the person whose balances are heavy with good
deeds will go to heaven, while the person whose scales are light
will go to hell. The Koran asserts:
[In the
Day of Judgment] they whose balances shall be heavy with good
works, shall be happy; but they whose balances shall be light,
are those who shall lose their souls, and shall remain in hell
forever.42
With
knowledge We will recount to them what they have done, for We are
watching over all their actions. On that day, their deeds shall
be weighed with justice. Those whose scales are heavy shall
triumph, but those whose scales are light shall lose their souls,
because they have denied Our revelations.43
The Muslim
assumes that his chances for heaven are good if he 1) accepts
only the Muslim God Allah and his prophet Mohammad, 2) does good
works and all that is required of him by Allah (e.g., the pillars
of religion), and 3) if he is predestined to heaven by Allah's
favor.
Unfortunately, given such requirements, one wonders if the
Muslim can have any assurance of salvation at all. Abdujah Akbar
Abdul-Haqq comments that the Islamic reliance on good works is
bound to leave any Muslim who seeks for personal assurance of
salvation "utterly confused"44 because in
this life no Muslim can ever know if his good works are finally
sufficient—let alone if he is predestined to Allah's favor.
William Miller was a missionary to Muslims
in Iran from 1919 to 1962. He discusses the Islamic view of
salvation, its dependence upon good works and personal merit and
the uncertainty this tends to bring to the heart of every Muslim:
Islam has no Savior. Mohammad is rarely called Savior. He is said
to have brought God's laws to men, and they, by keeping those
laws, must satisfy God's requirements and win His approval....
Since many Muslims realize that they [fall short of Koranic
standards],.. .they recite extra prayers in addition to those
required for each day, they make gifts to charity, and go on
pilgrimages not only to Mecca, but also to other sacred shrines,
in order to gain merit, and if possible, balance their account
with God. But since God does not make known how the accounts of
His stand, a Muslim facing death does not know whether he is to
go to paradise or to hell. After all, the decision is made by the
arbitrary will of God, and no one can predict what that decision
will be.... And so the Muslim lives and dies, not sure of his
final salvation.45
Thus, the Muslim concept of forgiveness is unlike that of
biblical Christianity. In biblical Christianity, forgiveness is
based upon the death of Christ on the cross as apast action.
This means that once a person receives Christ as his or her
Savior, all of his or her sins are for given and each one is guaranteed
a place in heaven: "I tell you the truth, whoever hears
my word and believes him who sent me has eternal life and will
not be condemned" (Jn, 5:24) and "Praise be to the
God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ! In his great mercy he
has given us new birth into a living hope through the
resurrection of Jesus Christ from the dead, and into an
inheritance that can never perish, spoil or fade—kept in
heaven for you, who through faith are shielded by God's power
until the coming of the salvation that is ready to be revealed in
the last time" (1 Pet. 1:3-5).
In Islam, there is no atonement for sin—no
propitiatory basis for forgiveness of sins. The Bible however
teaches of Jesus, that "He is the atoning sacrifice for our
sins." Because of His great love for us, Jesus willingly
died in our place (Jn. 10:18)—taking the penalty due our sin—so
that God could freely forgive us. Indeed, "God presented him
[Jesus] as a sacrifice of atonement" and "God did it to
demonstrate his justice at the pre sent time, so as to be just
and the one who justifies those who have faith in Jesus" (Rom
3:25-26). In Islam, how ever, Allah simply forgives whom he
chooses to forgive. Again, this forgiveness is predicated upon both
personal merit and Allah's choice of mercy. Again, no one
ever knows if one's personal works are sufficient to forgive
one's sins or if Allah will finally be merciful to him.
Muslims certainly hope they will be saved. But the following
statements in the Koran, as well as others, indi cate the
conditional nature of Islamic forgiveness:
.. .And whosoever of you turns from his religion, and dies
disbelieving—their works have failed in this world and the
next; those are the inhabitants of the Fire; therein they shall
dwell forever.46
God has
pardoned what is past; but whoever offends again, God will take
vengeance on him; God is All-mighty, Vengeful.47
But this is contrary to what the Bible teaches—that full
salvation comes solely by God's grace through faith in Jesus
Christ, who died for all the believer's sins: "He
forgave us all our sins" (Col. 2:13). The Bible also
emphasizes that salvation does not come by good works or any
thing else we can do to please God on our own efforts: "For
we maintain that a man is justified by faith apart from observing
the law" (Rom. 3:28). "For it is by grace you have been
saved, through faith—and this not from yourselves, it is
the gift of God—not by works, so that no one can boast"
(Eph. 2:8-9).
In
contrast to the teachings of Islam, the Bible teaches that anyone
who wishes may come to God, freely receive salvation, and know
they are eternally saved. Jesus taught, "For God so
loved the world that he gave his one and only Son, that whosoever
believes in him shall not perish but have eternal
life" (Jn. 3:16). The Apostle Peter taught, "The Lord...is
patient with you, not wanting anyone to perish, but everyone to
come to repentance" (2 Pet. 3:9). Again, Jesus taught,
"He who believes has eternal life" (Jn. 6:47)
and "I am the Alpha and the Omega, the Beginning and the End.
To him who is thirsty I will give to drink without cost from
the spring of the water of life" (Rev. 21:6). The Apostle
John emphasized, "I write these things to you who believe in
the name of the Son of God so that you may know that you have
eternal life" (1 Jn. 5:13).
B. Islam
teaches that Jesus Christ was neither crucified nor resurrected;
therefore salvation cannot pos sibly be had through faith in
Jesus Christ.
We mentioned earlier that Islam rejects the
atoning sacrifice of Christ on the cross. One reason for this is
its view that man is basically good; thus, if men are not unredeemed
sinners, they do not need a savior from sin, just good works,
abstention from wickedness, and Allah's favor. Also, Islam
considers Jesus Christ one of Allah's prophets, and it is
unthinkable that God would permit one of His prophets to be
crucified. Thus, the Muslim religion denies that Christ died upon
the cross. The Koran teaches: "They denied the truth and
uttered a monstrous falsehood....They declared: 'We have put to
death the Messiah, Jesus the son of Mary, the apostle of Allah.'
They did not kill him, nor did they crucify him, but they thought
they did."48
Because
Muslims do not believe that Christ died on the cross, they are
also forced to deny His resurrection. Ahmad Dedat is one of the
leading public defenders of Islam. He claims the following:
"Throughout the length and breath of the 27 books of the New
Testament, there is not a single statement made by Jesus Christ
that 'I was dead, and I have come back from the dead.' The
Christian has [wrongly] been belaboring the word res urrection.
Again and again, by repetition, it is conveyed that it [the
resurrection] is proving a fact....[But] Jesus Christ never
uttered the word that 'I have come back from the dead,' in the 27
books of the New Testament, not once."49
But Mr.
Dedat is wrong. On numerous occasions in the New Testament Jesus
predicted both his death and his resurrection. For
example, he told his disciples, "The Son of Man must suffer
many things and be rejected by the elders, chief priests and
teachers of the law, and he must be killed and on the third
day be raised to life" (Lk. 9:22). After His
resurrection, He told His disciples that this was to fulfill the
prophecies written about Him:
This was what I told you while I was still with you: Everything
must be fulfilled that is written about me in the Law of Moses,
the Prophets and Psalms.... He told them, "This is what is
written: The Christ will suffer and rise from the dead on the
third day, and repentance and forgiveness of sins will be
preached in his name to all nations,..." (Luke 24:44-47)
Further, in Revelation 1:18, Jesus taught, "I am the Living
One; I was dead, and behold I am alive for ever and everl"
Muslims also say Jesus Christ will not
return at the Second Coming. But in Matthew 16:27 and 25:31 and
elsewhere Jesus also predicted His literal, physical return to
earth to set up His millennial/eternal kingdom.
Dr. John Elder was a missionary to Muslims
in Iran from 1922 to 1964. Among his scholarly works are eleven
books in Persian and two in English. He discusses the Muslim
rejection of the atonement and the reasons upon which it is based:
Like the doctrine of the death of Jesus, the ordinary Muslim
completely rejects the doctrine of Jesus' atone ment for sin. He
rejects it first on historical grounds. If Jesus survived the
cross [i.e., never truly died], as the Muslim believes, then He
could not have given His life to atone for man's sins.
In the second place, the Muslim idea of God and His decrees
recognizes no need for atonement. According to the doctrine of
decrees, God determined the fate of all men from the beginning,
and we are helpless to change it. This belief is taught in many
places in the Qur'an....
A third
reason why Muslims deny the possibility of an atonement is their
belief that God does not love man, and indeed, is unaffected by
man's actions....any idea that God so loved the world that He
gave His only son is completely foreign to the Muslim mind... .Thus,
a pious Muslim is constantly performing acts which he explains by
saying, "savab darad" (It is meritorious). Thus, he
saves for most of his lifetime to make the Meccan pilgrimage; he
gives money to help erect a mosque; he faith fully reads the
Qur'an even though it be in a language he does not understand;
and he prays the prescribed Arabic prayers.50
In
conclusion, Muslims reject the biblical teaching that Christ died
for their sins and, therefore, seek sal vation by religious
observance. Unfortunately, in doing so they deny their need for
Christ and repudiate what Jesus and the Bible teach concerning
His death: "just as the Son of Man did not come to be
served, but to serve, and to give his life as a ransom for many"
and that "He Himself bore our sins in his body on the Cross,
that we might die to sin and live to righteousness..." (Mt.
20:28; 1 Pt. 2:24).
C. The
concept of the loving God of the Bible is difficult for the
Muslim to accept.
As we have indicated, the God of Islam,
Allah, is not ultimately a God of love. In Islam, Allah's love is
not based on unconditional commitment and self sacrifice as is
biblical love (1 Cor. 13:1-13). "But God demonstrates His
own love toward us in that while we were yet sinners Christ
died for us" (Romans 5:8). In Islam, Allah's love is based
on conditional performance and/or divine decree. In Islamic
theology, much like Buddhist philosophy, the concept of love
seems to be primarily that of "mercy." It is more
impersonal than personal.
Dr. J.
Christy Wilson observes that the concept of God's love is foreign
to Islamic thinking because of the extreme emphasis placed upon
Allah's sovereign power and transcendence: "It should be
said, however, that most Muslims will misunderstand and question
the statement of the New Testament that 'God is love. 'His power
and sovereign transcendence over all creation are so emphasized
in Islam that to call Him a God of love or to address Him as
'Father' would be far from Muslim thought."51
John
Elder, cited above, comments, "In addition to the idea that
God does not need men and therefore cannot love, the Muslim
commonly cites two main problems in believing that God is love:
the existence of sin and pain, and man's insignificance in the
vastness of the universe."52
But again,
the Bible teaches the Islamic view of God is wrong when it
declares that "God is love" (1 John 4:16).
D. Muslim
salvation is fatalistic.
We have discussed the fact that the Muslim concept of forgiveness
is conditioned upon good works. On the one hand, we find in the
Koran the promise of heaven for those who do good. But on the
other hand, the promise is conditional—one must possess the
true reli gion of Islam, obey its precepts, and also find favor
with Allah. But at this point Islam's predestination (in con
trast to that of the Bible) appears to become fatalistic.
The largest apparent indeterminacy in the
Muslim concept of salvation is Allah's predestination. The Koran
teaches, "All things have we created after a fixed decree...
,"63 Further, "God leads astray whomsoever
He will; and He guides whomsoever He will...."54
Abdiyah Akbar Abdul-Haqq observes, "There are several [Muslim]
traditions also about the predestination of all things, including
all good and bad actions and guided and misguided people....Even
if a person desires to choose God's guidance, he cannot do so
without the prior choice of God in favor of his free choice. This
is sheer determinism."55
Dr. Wilson
comments, 'The fifth article of faith is pre destination,... the
fact that everything that happens, either good or bad, is
foreordained by the unchangeable decrees of Allah. It will be
seen at once that this makes Allah the author of evil, a doctrine
that most Muslim theologians hold."56 The Koran
teaches, for example, "And if a good thing visits them, they
say, 'This is from God"; but if an evil thing visits them,
they say, This is from thee.' Say: 'Everything is from God.'"57
And,
The man whom Allah guides is rightly guided, but he who is led
astray by Allah shall surely be lost. As for those that deny Our
revelations, We have predestined for hell many jinn and many men....
We will lead them step by step to ruin... .None can guide the
people whom Allah leads astray. He leaves them blundering about
in their wickedness... .Say: "I have not the power to
acquire benefits or to avert evil from myself, except by the will
of Allah."68
At first
glance, there does appear to be one way a Muslim can guarantee
his salvation. This is found in connection with the Muslim
concept of jihad or holy war: achieving security of
salvation requires death in battle: "If you are slain or die
in God's way,.. .it is unto God you shall be mustered...."59
When you
meet the unbelievers in the battlefields strike off their heads
and, when you have laid them low, bind your captives firmly... .Thus
shall you do.... As for those who are slain in the cause of
Allah,.. .he will admit them to the Paradise he has made known to
them.60
Allah has
given those that fight with their goods and their persons a
higher rank than those who stay at home.. ..The unbelievers are
your sworn enemies.. ..Seek out your enemies relentlessly....You
shall not plead for traitors....Allah does not love the
treacherous or the sinful.61
In the
above material, it first seems that the Muslim is promised heaven
for death in battle. But we discover that even this security of
salvation is apparently conditioned on something else—in this
case, bravery:
O believers, when you encounter the unbelievers marching to
battle, turn not your backs to them. Whose turns his back that
day to them, unless withdrawing to fight again or removing to
join another host, he is laden with the burden of God's anger,
and his refuge is Gehenna—an evil homecoming!62
Thus, even
in the guarantee of heaven through death in a holy war, the
Muslim promise of salvation appears to remain provisional. And
none can deny that unnumbered Muslims, trusting in Islam to save
them and take them to heaven, have instead been sent to their
deaths in the jihads of history and today. They have been sent to
eternity without Christ.
E. Do
Christians Have Salvation According to Islam?
Some have claimed that, according to Islam, Christians can remain
Christians and still inherit sal vation. They also claim that the
God of Islam and the God of the Bible are the same God. But to
the contrary, the Koran teaches that only if Christians convert
to Islam and remain good Muslims will they have the opportunity
for salvation. If Christians reject the Koran, they are
classified as unbelievers and their destiny is an eternal hell:
God guides not the people of the unbelievers....They are
unbelievers who say, "God is the Messiah, Mary's Son."...The
Messiah [Jesus] said, "Children of Israel, serve God, [Allah]
my Lord and your Lord. Verily, whoso associates with God
anything, God shall prohibit him entrance to Paradise, and his
refuge shall be the Fire; and wrong doers shall have no helpers."
They are unbelievers who say, "God is the Third of Three."
No god is there but One God. If they refrain not from what they
say, there shall afflict those of them that disbelieve a painful
chastisement....63
In the
above citation, we see that (1) Christians who believe that Jesus
is the Messiah are classified as unbelievers; (2) that those who
believe in the Trinity (that "God is the Third of Three")
are unbelievers, and (3) that Christians who believe that Christ
is God (those who associate God with Jesus) will be consigned to
hell. Thus, if Christians do not turn from their errors and
accept Islam they are subject to the strictest judgment:
....[in war] kill those who join other gods with God [the phrase
in other translations reads "kill those who are idolaters,
pagans"] wherever ye shall find them; and seize them,
besiege them, and lay wait for them with every kind of ambush:
but if they shall convert, and observe prayer, and pay the
obligatory alms, then let them go their way, for God is Gracious,
Merciful.64
Do they
not know that whosoever opposes God and His Messenger—for him
awaits the fire of Gehenna, therein to dwell forever?65
Verily,
God will not forgive the union of other gods with Himself!...And
He who uniteth gods with God hath devised a great wickedness....
the flame of Hell is their sufficing punishment! Those who
disbelieve our signs we will in the end cast into the fire: so
oft as their skins shall be well burnt, we will change them for
fresh skins, that they may taste the torment.66
All's
translation at Sura 9:17 reads, of those who "join gods with
God.... In Fire shall they dwell."
In
conclusion, by accepting the biblical nature of God as
trinitarian, Christians show themselves to be unbelievers
destined for eternal judgment. Thus, Islam does not accept that
Christians can have salvation if they remain Christian.
SECTION
III
The
Bible of Islam: Is the Koran the Word of God?
9.
What does Islam claim, about the Koran?
As noted,
Islam claims that the Koran is the literal Word of God, dictated
supernaturally to Muhammad from the angel Gabriel. Muslims
believe the Koran is perfect and without error. Muslims Musa
Qutub, Ph.D., and M. Vazir Ali assert that the Koran is the only
book ever to "withstand the microscopic and telescopic
scrutiny of one and all, without the book stumbling any where."67
Islam
further claims the teachings of the Koran are in harmony with the
autographs of the Bible because this is what the Koran teaches. (Again,
it believes Christians have corrupted the Bible so that the
Bibles Christians now use are unreliable.):
.. .and We have sent down to thee the Book [the Koran] with the
truth, confirming the Book [the Bible] that was before it, and
assuring it.68
This Koran
could not have been forged apart from God; but it is a confirmation
of what is before it....69
As the Encyclopedia Britannica observes, "For the
Muslims, the Koran is the Word of God, confirming and
consummating earlier revealed books and thereby replacing them....
"70 In light of these assertions, we ask the
following questions:
10.
Does the Koran deny the Bible?
Everyone
who carefully and impartially reads both the Bible and the Koran
must agree that, as they both stand, the Koran and the Bible
contradict one another on every major religious doctrine: the
nature of God, Jesus, salvation, man, Scripture, etc. If the New
Testament was not corrupted, as we will prove, then how
could Allah be the inspiration behind both the Bible and
the Koran which contradicts it? This would force us to conclude
that God's revelations are contradictory—and therefore useless.
Consider the following chart which we have already documented in
Section II:
The Koran
The Bible
God
Unitarian
trinitarian
Jesus
a man
God incarnate
Salvation
by works; uncertain by
grace; assured
Again, if
the manuscript evidence forces us to conclude the Bible has not
been corrupted, there is only one conclusion a Muslim can
logically reach. If Allah really inspired both the Bible
and the Koran, then he contra dicts himself to such an extent
that it impossible to ascertain his teachings or will for men.
Muslims
respond by saying that the Bible has been corrupted and,
therefore, its present teachings are untrustworthy. Only the
Koran is pure and uncorrupted. But this argument is indefensible
on historic, textual and even Koranic grounds, as we will see.
In the
next 8 questions we will seek to determine if the Koran is "pure
and uncorrupted" as Muslims claim, and whether their claim
that the Bible is corrupted and untrustworthy is valid.
11.
Does the Koran contain historical errors and biblical
distortions?
Muslims and Christians agree that it is
impossible for God to inspire error in His Word. But no one can
deny that the Koran contains a large number of errors. Dr. Robert
Morey lists over 100; e.g., citing Ali's translation, the Koran
teaches the Ark of Noah came to rest on the top of Mt. Judi (Sura
11:44), not Mt. Ararat as the Bible teaches; that Abraham's
father was Azar (Sura 6:74), not Terah as the Bible teaches; that
he attempted to sacrifice Ishmael (Sura 37:100-112), not Isaac as
the Bible teaches; that Pharaoh's wife adopted Moses (Sura
28:8-9), not his daughter as the Bible teaches; that Noah's flood
occurred in Moses'day (Sura 7:136, cf., 7:59ff); that Mary, the
mother of Jesus, gave birth to Jesus under a palm tree (Sura
19:22), not in a stable as the Bible teaches; that Mary's father
was named Imram (Sura 66:12), etc.71
In the
preface to his translation of the Koran, Rodwell notes the
presence of "contradictory and...inaccurate statements."72
For example. Mohammed is nowhere found in the Bible but the Koran
claims that Muhammad himself is "described in the Torah and
the Gospel"73 The disciples of Christ were
obviously
Christians
but the Koran teaches the disciples of Christ were Muslims. Six
hundred years before Muhammad was born Christ's disciples
allegedly claim, "We believe; and bear thou witness that we
are Muslims."74 ^1 The Koran also teaches that
Abraham was not a Jew, but a Muslim. "No; Abraham
in truth was not a Jew, neither a Christian; but he was a Muslim...."75
But the Jews consider Abraham a Jew. The Christians consider
Abraham a Jew. Jesus Himself considered Abraham a Jew—all the
world considers Abraham a Jew—except the Koran.
There are
also some rather unlikely events in the Koran. For example, after
Allah tempts the people to sin in judgment for their evil, "When
they had scorn fully persisted in what they had been forbidden,
We changed them into detested apes."76 According
to history, the army of the King of Ethiopia, Abraha, halted
its attack on Mecca due to a smallpox outbreak. But Sura 105
teaches he was defeated by birds that dropped stones of baked
clay on the soldiers.
Finally, the Koran has many biblical
distortions.77 Almost every biblical episode discussed
in the Koran has additional and/or contrary information supplied:
"The names and events of Old Testament books and prophets
are very definitely copied in the Quran. However, often the
stories in the Quran are garbled and confused."78
For example, in Sura 2:56, 57, 61 the Jews returned to Egypt after
the Exodus which, biblically and historically, was never the
case. In Sura 3:41 it is stated that Zacharias would be
speechless for three days. Biblically, it was until John's
birth—nine months (Luke 1:18-20). In Sura 12:11-20 the
Koranic story of Joseph is markedly different from the biblical
story of Genesis 37; the accounts are so contrary as to demand
one be in error. In Sura 2:241 Muhammad confuses the persons of
Saul and Gideon. There are also variations in Sura 12:21-32, 36-55
when compared with Genesis 37-45.79 Whether it is the
descriptions of the creation of man, the Fall, Moses and the
burning bush, Noah and the ark, Joseph going into Egypt, or the
life of Zechariah, John the Baptist, Mary and Jesus, or other
biblical char acters, the Koran often contradicts biblical
teaching.80
Yet the
Koran also explicitly claims to "confirm the Book of Moses
and the Gospel."82 So if the Bible is
historically accurate, then it is the Koran that must be in error.
12.
Does the Koran contain contradictory teachings?
The Koran
claims that it contains no contradictions. In Sura 4:84 Allah
challenges men, "Will they not ponder on the Koran? If it
had not come from Allah, they could have surely found in it many
contradictions."83 Since Allah claims not to
contradict himself, then everything that has purportedly "come
down from him" (the Bible, The Koran) must be in
agreement. Thus, the Muslim must believe in the doctrinal unity
among the books of Allah—the Bible as originally given and the
Koran. But we have just seen they conflict; further the Koran contains
contradictions within its own pages. In Sura 11 the Koran teaches
that one of Noah's sons didn't go into the ark and thus "Noah's
son was drowned" in the Flood.84 The Koran itself
seems to contradict this statement in Sura 21 where it declares
that "we saved him [Noah] and all his kinsfolk from
the great calamity,.... "85 According to the
Bible, all of Noah's sons are delivered (Gen. 6, 7) and the
genealogies are provided.
The Koran also has conflicting accounts of
Muhammad's original call to be a prophet in Sura 53:2-18;81:19-24
vs. Sura 16:102;26:192-94 vs. Sura 15:18;2:97.
Sura 41:9-12 teaches it took God eight days
to create the world, whereas Sura 7:51,10:3 and 11:6 teach it
took God six days. In "A Scientific Examination of the
Koran," chapter 10 of The Islamic Invasion, Robert
Morey lists many other contradictions.
SECTION
IV Islam: A General Critique
13.
How convincing are Muslim apologetics?
The word
apologetics is derived from the Greek apologia which means
"to present a defense for."
In "How
Muslims Do Apologetics," philosopher and theologian, John
Warwick Montgomery discusses a characteristic problem of Muslim
apologetics—that of defending Islam by "discrediting"
Christianity. But "such refutations are not 'apologies' or
defenses at all, but are ad hominem arguments of an
offensive nature."86 Even if Muslim apologists could
disprove Christianity, this would not prove the truth of
Islam. Islam would still require—on its own merits—independent
verification as a revelation of God. And because the evidence is
lacking, it is precisely at this point that Muslim apologists
fail. Muhammad was clearly inspired by some supernatural source,
but how could he be inspired by God if his inspiration rejected
God's revelation in the Bible?
Biblical
inspiration and/or accuracy are independently verified by
prophecy, archeology, manuscript evidence, and other means. We
have documented this in some detail in our Ready With An
Answer (Harvest House, 1997). Islam, however, offers no
genuine evidence for its claim that the Koran is inspired, other
than Muhammad's own claim he was inspired by Gabriel. But what if
Muhammad was wrong? If the biblical God is the true God and if
Muhammad were a prophet of God, he would never have denied God's
revelation in the Bible.
So how do Muslims do apologetics? First,
they argue that the Christian faith is a false religion.
Specifically, using the arguments of liberal theologians, higher
critical methods (e.g., form criticism) and rationalistic
skeptics of Christianity, they reject biblical authority and the
deity of Christ.86a Second, they present arguments in
defense of Islam that are convincing to Muslims but are also
largely subjective and prove nothing.87 In essence,
Muslim apologetics are not convincing because they
characteristically reject the rules of logic and evidence. Space
does not permit elaboration, except to refer the reader to taped
sessions of Christian-Muslim debates and more specific
evaluations of Muslim apologetic methods. For illustrations we
would recommend first, the 7 hour debate between Dr. Robert A.
Morey and Dr. Jamal Badawi, who some Muslims claim is the best
apologist for Islam in North America. Second, we would recommend
other materials published by both Muslims and Christians.878
In essence, after evaluating Muslim apologetics we are forced to
conclude that the average Muslim, unknowingly and regrettably,
has been misled by apologists whose primary arguments are based
on subjectivism, logical fallacies, anachronism, and other
unfortunate historical errors.
14.
What basic problem does the Koran present to Muslims?
As we have
indicated, the Koran teaches that Muslims are to accept both the
Bible and the Koran:
Say:
"We believe in God, and that which has been sent down on us,
and sent down on Abraham and Ishmael, Isaac and Jacob, and
the [Jewish] Tribes, and in that which was given to Moses
and Jesus, and the Prophets of their Lord; we make no
division between any of them,..."m
The Koran
claims that Allah is the God who inspired the Old
Testament and the New Testament:".. .We gave to Moses the
Book and the Salvation, that haply you should be guided."89
And Muslims are commanded, "Observe the Torah and the Gospel...what
is revealed to them from Allah."90
Elsewhere
Muslims are told:
O believers, believe in God and His Messenger [Muhammad] and the
Book He has sent down on His Messenger [the Koran] and the Book
which He sent down before [the Bible]. Whoso disbelieves in God
and His angels and His Books, and His Messengers, and the Last
Day, has surely gone astray into far error....God will gather the
hypocrites and the unbelievers all in Gehenna.91
In the above verses we see that those who
reject God's Books (plural) and Messengers (plural) are said to
be unbelievers!92 Muslims are thus forbidden by Allah
to accept only part of God's revelations. But here is a keen
dilemma. If Muslims accept what the Koran teaches, they must then
accept what the Bible teaches—which rejects what the Koran
teaches.
But if a
Muslim truly accepts the Bible and rejects what the Koran
teaches, he can no longer remain a Muslim and should become a
Christian.93 So how can a Muslim trust what the Koran
teaches when it simultaneously undermines its own authority? How
does the Muslim circumvent this difficulty? By claiming the
Bible's teaching have been corrupted and are therefore
untrustworthy.
15. Is
the Muslim claim that the Bible has been corrupted based on facts
or bias?
The Koran
and Islam claim that the Bible has been corrupted by Christians:
"People of the Book [Jews and Christians], now there has
come to you Our Messenger [Mohammed], making clear to you many
things you have been concealing of the Book, and defacing many
things."94
In his Christian
Faith and Other Faiths, Oxford the ologian Stephen Neill
observes:
It is well known that at many points the Qur'an does not agree
with the Jews and Christian Scriptures. Therefore, from the
Muslim point of view, it follows of necessity that these
Scriptures must have been corrupted. Historical evidence makes no
impression on the crushing force of the syllogism. So it is, and
it can be no other way. The Muslim controversialist feels no need
to study evidence in detail. The only valid picture of Jesus
Christ is that which is to be found in the pages of the Qur'an.95
In other
words, because the Koran is predefined as God's perfect
revelation—and the Bible contradicts it, therefore,—it is the
Bible that must be corrupted. Historical evidence has no
relevance to the issue because it is impossible that the Koran
could be wrong.96
But this
is placing the cart before the horse. One must first determine if
the Bible was corrupted. If not, then the error must lie with the
Koran. And historical facts prove that the Bible has not been
corrupted.97 If Muslims refuse to honestly examine and
accept this evidence, it is hardly the fault of Christians.
For example, after a thorough evaluation of
the textual evidence and citing numerous scholars in
confirmation, Drs. Geisler and Nix conclude that a modern
critical edition of the Bible says, "exactly what the auto
graphs contained—line for line, word for word, and even letter
for letter."98 Therefore, for the Muslim to
maintain that the Bible has been corrupted is an indefensible
position. (We discuss this in greater detail in Q. 18.)
16.
Is the Koran uncorrupted?
Historical
facts prove that it is the Koran that has been corrupted. First,
the Koran is not written in perfect Arabic (cf., Sura 12:2;
13:37; 41:41,_44) but has scores. ~of grammatical errors and non-Arabic
words." Second/ the text of the Koran itself has been
corrupted:
There are many conflicting readings on the text of the Quran as
Arthur Jeffrey has demonstrated in his book, Material for the
History of the Text of the Quran. At one point, Jeffrey gives
90 pages of variant readings on the text. For example, in Sura 2
there are over 140 conflicting and variant readings on the text
of the Quran.
All
Western and Muslim scholars admit the presence of variant
readings in the text of the Quran. Guillaume points out that the
Quran at first "had a large number of variants, not always
trifling in significance"....The work of Western scholars
such as Arthur Jeffrey and others has been hampered by Muslim
reluctance to let Western scholars see old manuscripts of the
Quran which are based on pre-Uthman texts....According to
Professor Guillaume in his book, Islam (pp. 191ff.), some
j)f the original verses of the Quran were lost. For example, one
Sura originally had 200 verses in the days "of Ayesha. But
by the time Uthman standardized the text of the Quran, it had
only 73 verses! A total of 127. "verses had been lost, and
they have never been recovered. The Shiite Muslims claim
that Uthman left out J5_Dercent_of the original verses in
the Quran for political reasons..
That there
are verses which got left out of Uthman's ver sion of the Quran
is universally recognized. John Burton's hook, The Collection
of the Quran, which was published by Cambridge
University, documents how .such verses were lost. Burton
states concerning" the Muslim claim that the Quran is
perfect: "The Muslim accounts of the history of the
Quran texts are a mass of confusion, contradictions and
inconsistencies...."
In the abrogation process spoken of earlier
[referring to the Quran], verses which are contradictory to
Muslim faith and practice have been removed from the text, such
as the "satanic verses" in which Muhammad approved of
the worship of the three goddesses, the daughters of Allah.. ..Not
only have parts of the Quran been lost, but entire verses and
chapters have been added to it. For example Ubai had several
Suras in his manuscript of the Quran which Uthman omitted from
his standardized text. Thus there were Qurans in circulation
before Uthman's text which had additional revelations from
Muhammad that Uthman did not find or approve of, and thus he
failed to place them in his text....Western scholars have shown
beyond reasonable doubt that Uthman's text did not contain all of
the Quran. Neither was what it did contain correct in all of its
wording.... The true history of the collection and the creation
of the text of the Quran reveals that the Muslim claims are
indeed fictitious and not in accord with the facts.100
Thus, even
the earliest copies of the Koran must have contradicted
one another or had other problems. Why? Because these copies
"led to such serious disputes between the faithful"
that it was necessary "to establish a text which should be
the sole standard."101 Dr. William Miller reveals
that, "For some years after the death of Muhammad there was great
confusion as to what material of all that had been preserved
should be included in the Koran. Finally, in the caliphate of
Uthman (644-656 A.D.) one text was given official approval, and
all [other] material was destroyed."102
But for
Muslims to have destroyed such materials, the earlier versions of
the Koran must have differed significantly from this official
version. (Incidentally, this stands in stark contrast to the
Christian Church's acceptance and preservation of its Scripture's
earliest mss. evidence):
The
recording of the prophet's words in the beginning was haphazard.
Verses were written on palm leaves, stones, the shoulder-blades
of animals—in short, on any material which was available....Before
an authorized version was established under the caliph 'Uthman
there were four rival editions in use. These have long since
disappeared, but we are told that they differed from the
authorized version,...103
On account of the variations and confusions
which had arisen among the reported sayings of Mohammed,...a
revision [was] made, and all existing copies of the previous
compilation [were] destroyed. Thus, the present text of the Koran
is not the first edition, but a second edition,...104
But how accurate were the written messages
or the memories of those who first heard the prophet? Were the
diverse sources from which the Koran was complied equally
reliable? If so, why destroy them? Did Muhammad ever claim
inspiration even when he was not inspired? Also, we have already
seen that the revelations were tampered with. In this regard, the
respected Muslim authority, Alfred Guillaume further comments
that "The Quran as we have it now is a record of what
Muhammad said while in the [seizure] state or states just
mentioned. It is beyond doubt that his hearers recognized the
symptoms of revelation.... [However] One of the secretaries he
employed boasted that he had induced the prophet to alter the
wording of the revelations."105
Muslims
may claim that the Arabic Koran is the same today as when it was
first given to Muhammad, but this is just not true. In The
Islam Debate, Josh McDowell comments:
The Quran's transmission is not free from errors and variant
readings in significant points. There is concrete evidence in the
best works of Islamic tradition (e.g., Sahih of Muslim, the
Sahih of Bukhari, the Mishkat-ul-Masabih), that from the
start the Qur'an had numerous variant and conflicting readings.
That these are no longer found in the Quran is only because they
have been discretely removed—not by direction of God, but by
human discretion. There is similar evidence that, to this day,
verses and, indeed, whole passages are still missing from the
Qur'an.106
Dr. Anis
Shorrosh, a Christian Arab, concludes his own study of the Koran
with:
It is not
the Bible which is contradictory and confusing. No, it is
definitely the Quran. If Muslims insist that the Bible is
corrupt, I will have to declare that the evidence, much of which
I have presented in this book, vindicates the Bible and condemns
the Quran. No reasonable person presented with the evidence can
believe otherwise.107
In
conclusion, Muslims have never proven that the Bible has been
corrupted. But sufficient evidence exists to show the Koran was.
17.
Can the Koran be objectively interpreted?
Dr. J. Christy Wilson comments as follows
about problems of interpreting the Koran:
It is most difficult for one who is not a
Muslim to under stand the theory that the Koran was inscribed
from all eternity on a tablet in heaven, because some verses
supersede and cancel others,...Even to Muslims much of the text
is unintelligible except through a commentary. .. .It is kept
with the utmost reverence, only touched after ceremonial
ablutions, and read or recited by many millions of Muslims who do
not understand the meaning of its Arabic verses.108
In the
introduction to his translation, Dawood com ments that because
the Koran was originally written in the Kufic script and there
was, therefore, no indication of vowels or diacritical points,
"Variant readings are recognized by Muslims as of equal
authority" and "it ought to be borne in mind that the
Koran contains many statements which, if not recognized as
altogether obscure, lend themselves to more than one
interpretation."109
In Sura
2:100 the Koran itself teaches, "And for what ever verse We
abrogate or cast into oblivion, We bring a better or the like of
it; knowest thou not that God is powerful over everything?"110
This verse
may, perhaps, serve the Muslim as a rationale for contradictions
between the Koran and the Bible or the Koran and itself, but what
does it imply about God and His ability to communicate His Word
clearly and effectively? Nowhere in the Koran does Allah identify
those verses he has repealed or destroyed. How then does the
Muslim know which verses are legitimate— and which are not?
Even the
Koran teaches that its ambiguous parts are incapable of
interpretation:
It is He
who sent down upon thee the Book, wherein are verses clear that
are the Essence of the Book, and others ambiguous. As for those
in whose hearts is swerving, they follow the ambiguous part,
desiring dissension, and desiring its interpretation; and none
knows its interpretation, save only God. And those firmly rooted
in knowledge say, "We believe in it; all is from our Lord";
yet none remembers, but men possessed of minds.111
Here we are told the clear verses are the essence
of the Koran. If so, one could assume Muslims would rarely
dis agree as to the interpretation of the clear parts. Is this
what we find historically or today? Unfortunately, no. Have
Muslims ever identified which are the "clear" parts and
which are the "ambigudus" parts? If much of the Koran
is to varying degrees unclear, on what objective basis can one
determine its meaning? And if the mate rial is unessential, why
record or reveal it in the first place? Also, how does the Muslim
know all that is involved in having a swerving heart or how this
relates to knowing the location of the ambiguous parts? The Koran
also claims, "Those who have been given the Book know it is
the truth from their Lord...."112 But in light of
what we have discussed so far, upon what objective basis
can a Muslim know this?
As we saw,
the Koran teaches that Allah occasionally changes his mind
concerning the validity of His word. Here and there one verse is
changed for another. But when critics pointed this out and
charged Muhammad with tampering, they themselves were charged
with ignorance. "And when We exchange a verse in the place
of another verse—and God knows very well what He is sending
down—they say, 'Thou art a mere forger!' Nay, but the most of
them have no knowledge."113 Another translation
reads, "When We change one verse for another (Allah knows
best what He reveals), they say: 'You are an impostor.' Indeed,
most of them are ignorant men."114
Allah may
know b jst what he reveals, but again, how are mortals to sort
out the meaning? How does a Muslim decide which verse is "exchanged"
or now preferred by Allah? Further, why would Allah exchange one
verse in place of another verse? Why wouldn't he speak clearly
the first time?
These are
more than merely academic issues. Muslims trust that the
teachings of the Koran will help them gain eternal salvation. If
Muslims are uncertain of what God says—and of His intention—how
can they know God's will for their lives? How can they find
salvation? By contrast, both Christians and Muslims can know
exactly what Jesus Christ taught because His words have never
been changed or corrupted. In our final question we will see why.
Section
V The Accuracy of the New Testament Text
18.
Can it be proved that the New Testament text is historically
reliable and accurate?
Christians and skeptical non Christians,
including Muslims and members of religious cults like Mormonism,
have different views concerning the credibility of the Gospels
and the rest of the New Testament. For the Christian, nothing is
more vital than the very words of Jesus Himself who promised,
"Heaven and earth will pass away, but my words will never
pass away" (Mt. 24:35). Jesus' promise is of no small import.
In other words, if His words were not accurately recorded
in the Gospels, how can anyone know what He really taught? The
truth is, we couldn't know. Further, if the remainder of the New
Testament cannot be established to be historically reliable, then
little if anything can be known about what true Christianity
really is, teaches, or means.
Christians
maintain that anyone who wishes can prove to their own
satisfaction that, on the basis of accepted bibliographic,
internal, external and other criteria, the New Testament text can
be established to be reliable. Textually, we know we have over 99
percent of the autographs (the remaining 1% is found in variant
readings) and there is simply no legitimate basis upon which to
doubt the credibility and accuracy of the New Testament writers.
No Christian doctrine or moral teaching rests upon a variant
reading, the vast majority of which are insignificant. Further,
the methods used by the critics that Muslims so often rely on (rationalistic,
higher critical methods) which claim "assured results"
proving the NT unreliable, have been weighed in the balance of
secular scholarship and found wanting. Their use in biblical
analysis is therefore unjustified, as we documented in The
Facts on the False Views of Jesus: The Truth Behind the Jesus
Seminar (1997) and Biblical Inerrancy: A Rational Defense (forthcoming).
Even in a positive sense relative to the biblical text, the fruit
these methods have born is minuscule while, negatively, they are
responsible for a tremendous weight of destruction relative to
people's confusion over biblical authority and their confidence
in the Bible. And even fair-minded biblical critics would have to
agree that higher criticisms' 200 year failure to prove its case,
by default, strengthens the conservative Christian view as to
biblical inspiration and reliability.
In this sense, the critics who continue to
advance discredited theories relative to the NT conform to the
warn ings of Chauncey Sanders, associate professor of military
history, The Air University, Maxwell Air Force Base, Montgomery,
Alabama. In his An Introduction to Research in English
Literary History, he warns literary critics to be certain
they are also careful to examine the evidence against their
case: "he must be as careful to collect evidence against his
theory as for it. It may go against the grain to be very
assiduous in searching for ammunition to destroy one's own case;
but it must be remembered that the overlooking of a single detail
may be fatal to one's whole argument. Moreover, it is the busi
ness of the scholar to seek the truth, and the satisfaction of
having found it should be ample recompense for having to give up
a cherished but untenable theory."115 In order to
resolve this issue of New Testament reliability for the fair-minded
Muslim or skeptic, they should realize that the following ten
facts cannot logically be denied:
Fact
One
the existence of 5,300 extant Greek manuscripts (mss.) and
portions, 10,000 Latin Vulgate and 9,300 other versions, with the
papyri mss. and early uncial mss. dating much closer to the
originals than for any other ancient literature proves the NT has
not been corrupted.
Fact
Two
the lack of proven fraud or error on the part of any New
Testament author generally shows the writers were trustworthy in
what they wrote.
Fact
Three
the writings of reliable Christian sources outside the New
Testament also confirm its integrity.
Fact
Four
the existence of a number of Jewish and secular accounts about
Jesus confirm several basic NT teachings.
Fact
Five
detailed archeological data concerning the New Testament proves
the authors wrote with care and accuracy.
Fact
Six
the many powerful first century enemies of Jesus and the
apostolic church would have proven fraud or pointed out other
problems if they could, but they never did.
Fact Seven
the presence of numerous credible living eyewitnesses to the
events recorded especially of Jesus' death and resurrection,
offers powerful evidence as to the truth of what was recorded.
Fact
Eight
there are positive appraisals by conservative and even some
liberal authorities bearing on the issue of the genuineness of
traditional authorship and the early date of the New Testament
books further con firming their integrity.
Fact
Nine
there are consistent scholarly, factual reversals of the negative
conclusions of higher criticism which under mine its own
foundations and credibility.
Fact
Ten
there is powerful legal and other testimony as to New Testament
reliability.
We have
discussed each of these points and provided documentation in our Ready
With an Answer and The Facts on the Reliability of the
Bible (Harvest House, 1997). These facts demonstrate the
accuracy and reliability of the New Testament beyond reasonable
doubt. Unfortunately, space permits citing only one of the above
10 points:
Fact
Ten—corroboration from legal testimony and former skeptics
Finally, we must also concede the historicity of the NT when we
consider that many great minds of legal history have, on the
grounds of strict legal evidence alone, accepted the New
Testament as reliable history— not to mention that many
skeptical intellects of history and today have converted to
Christianity on the basis of the historical evidence (Saul of
Tarsis, Athanagoras, Augustine, George Lyttleton and Gilbert
West, C. S. Lewis, Frank Morrison, Sir William Ramsay, John
Warwick Montgomery, etc.)
Lawyers, of course, are expertly trained in
the matter of evaluating evidence and are perhaps the most qual
ified in the task of weighing data critically. Is it coincidence
that so many of them throughout history have concluded in favor
of the truth of the Christian religion? What of the "father
of international law," Hugo Grotius, who wrote The Truth
of the Christian Religion (1627)? Or the greatest authority
in English and American common-law evidence in the nineteenth
century, Harvard Law School professor Simon Greenleaf who wrote Testimony
of the Evangelists in which he power fully demonstrated the
reliability of the Gospels?144 What of Edmund H.
Bennett (1824-1898) for over 20 years the Dean of Boston
University Law School, who penned The Four Gospels From a
Lawyer's Standpoint (1899)?146 What of Irwin
Linton who in his time had rep resented cases before the Supreme
Court and wrote A Lawyer Examines the Bible (1943, 1977)
in which he stated:
So
invariable had been my observation that he who does not accept
wholeheartedly the evangelical, conservative belief in Christ and
the Scriptures has never read, has forgotten, or never been able
to weigh—and certainly is utterly unable to refute—the
irresistible force of the cumulative evidence upon which such
faith rests, that there seems ample ground for the conclusion
that such ignorance is an invariable element in such unbelief.
And this is so even though the unbeliever be a preacher, who is
supposed to know this subject if he know no other.146
What of
hundreds of contemporary lawyers who, also on the grounds of
strict legal evidence, accept the NT as historically accurate?
The eminent Lord Chancellor Hailsham has twice held the highest
office possible for a lawyer in England, that of Lord Chancellor.
He wrote e.g., The Door Wherein I Went wherein he upholds
the truth of the Christian Religion.147 What of
Jacques Ellul or of Sir Norman Anderson—one of the greatest
author ities on Islamic law who is a Christian convinced of NT
authority and reliability?
Certainly, such men were well-acquainted
with legal reasoning and have just as certainly concluded that
the evidence for the historic truthfulness of the Scriptures is
beyond reasonable doubt. As apologist, theologian and lawyer,
John W Montgomery observes in The Law Above the Law considering
the "ancient documents" rule (that ancient documents
constitute competent evidence if there is no evidence of
tampering and they have been accurately transmitted); the "parol
evidence" rule (Scripture must interpret itself without
foreign inter vention); the "hearsay rule" (the demand
for primary-source evidence) and "cross examination"
principle (the inability of the enemies of Christianity to
disprove its central claim that Christ resurrected bodily from
the dead in spite of the motive and opportunity to do so)— all
these coalesce directly or indirectly to support the
preponderance of evidence for Christianity while the burden of
proof proper (the legal burden) for disproving it rests with the
critic, who, in 2,000 years, has yet to prove his case.148
We must,
then, emphasize that to reject the New Testament accounts as true
history is, by definition, to reject the canons of legitimate
historical study. To reject the Gospels or the New Testament is
to reject primary historical documentation in general. If this
cannot be done, the NT must be retained as careful historical
reporting. The NT has proven itself reliable in the crucible of
history. It is the NT critic who has been unable to prove
his case. Nor are the implications small. Legal scholar J. N. D.
Anderson observes in Christianity: The Witness of History:
.. .it seems to me inescapable that anyone who chanced to
read the pages of the New Testament for the first time would come
away with one overwhelming impression— that here is a faith
firmly rooted in certain allegedly historical events, a faith
which would be false and misleading if those events had not
actually taken place, but which, if they did take place, is
unique in its relevance and exclusive in its demands on our
allegiance. For these events did not merely set a "process
in motion and then themselves sink back into the past. The unique
historical origin of Christianity is ascribed permanent,
authoritative, absolute significance; what happened once is said
to have happened once for all and therefore to have continuous
efficacy."149
In
essence, the Muslim claim that the NT has been corrupted
textually is not only untrue, it can never be substantiated due
to the nature of the textual and other evidence at hand. Simply
put, facts are facts.
As for the
Muslim claim that Christians have so severely misinterpreted
their own Scriptures that they teach a false view of God, Jesus,
salvation etc., one must remember that we have had almost 2000
years of uni versally accepted Christian doctrine—doctrine that
even skeptics of Christianity freely confess the Bible teaches.
This is why anyone who wishes can determine the basic doctrine of
the NT just by studying it.
In conclusion, Muslim claims relative to the
NT are simply not credible. We can only trust that, as some
Muslims have done in every generation since Islam was founded,
Muslims today will impartially investigate the evidence for New
Testament authenticity, and, hope fully, that they will respond
accordingly.
19.
What can Muslims do who desire to know that
they have eternal life?
If you are
a Muslim who is willing to accept the above evidence and who
desires to know that you have eternal life, what can you
do? Jesus promises that all who believe on Him can know that they
now possess eternal life. "This is eternal life to know
Thee the only true God and Jesus Christ whom thou has sent"
(Jn. 17:3). "Truly, truly I say unto you he who believes has
eternal life" (Jn. 6:47). "I tell you the truth,
whoever hears my word and believes Him who sent me has eternal
life and will not be condemned; he has crossed over from
death to life" (Jn. 5:24). "My sheep listen to my
voice; I know them and they follow me. I give them eternal
life, and they shall never perish; no one can snatch
them out of my hand" (Jn. 10:27-28).
If you
have often longed for a personal relationship with God, a
relationship wherein you know that God loves you, and yet have
been unable to find this in Islam, then the true God offers you
this opportunity. But God tells us that "all have sinned and
fall short of the glory of God" (Rom. 3:23). God has
promised us full forgive ness of sins (Heb. 10:14) if we turn
from our sin and turn to Christ, believing on Him for salvation:
"For the wages of sin is death, but the gift of God is
eternal life in Christ i Jesus our Lord (Rom. 6:23):
' For God
so loved the world that He gave His one and only Son, that
whoever believes in Him shall not perish but have eternal life.
For God did not send His Son into the world to condemn the world,
but to save the world through Him. Whoever believes in Him is not
condemned, but whoever does not believe stands condemned already
because he has not believed in the name of God's one and only Son
(Jn. 3:16-18).
And,
We accept man's testimony, but God's testimony is greater because
it is the testimony of God, which He has given about His Son.
Anyone who believes in the Son of God has this testimony in his
heart. Anyone who does not believe God has made Him out to be a
liar, because he has not believed the testimony God has given
about His Son. And this is the testimony: God has given us
eternal life, and this life in His Son. He who has the Son has
life; he who does not have the Son of God does not have life. I
write these things to you who believe in the name of the Son of
God so that you know that you have eternal life (1 Jn. 5:9-13).
If you
sincerely desire to know God personally, to know that your sins
are forgiven—and that a place in heaven is reserved for
you (1 Pet. 1:4-5), you can know this by praying the following
prayer to receive Jesus Christ as your personal Lord and savior.
Dear God:
I acknowledge my sinfulness before you. I confess that I have
been trying to earn my own salvation by following the teachings
of the Koran. But I now realize that Allah is not the true God. I
recognize my need for forgiveness and now realize that Jesus
Christ died for my sins on the cross. I now receive Him as my
personal Savior and Lord. Give me courage and strength to face
the opposition I may encounter. Help me to lead my family and
friends to you as well. In Jesus' name. Amen.
If you
have prayed this prayer, please write us at The John Ankerberg
Show so we may send you some helpful materials about growing in
the Christian life. We also recommend that you begin to read the
New Testament to know more about the true Jesus Christ. In
addition, attend a church that honors Christ as Lord and the
Bible as God's Word. Talk to God daily in prayer. The following
books will help you grow in the Christian life: (1) J. I. Packer,
God's Words (InterVarsity), (2) Francis Schaefer, True
Spirituality, (Tyndale), (3) Abdiyah Akabar Abdul-Haqq, Sharing
Your Faith With A Muslim (Bethany), (4) William Miller, Ten
Muslims Meet Christ (Eerdmans), and Mark Hannah, The True
Path: Seven Muslims Make Their Greatest Discovery (International
Doorways).
Footnotes
Note to reader: Sura references are taken
either from the Arberry, Rodwell, Daywood, or Ali translations.
Translators differ somewhat in their numbering of verses; verses
may be off by two or three or paragraphs may be numbered rather
than verses. Some translations do not number either verses or
paragraphs. Chapters are also numbered differently in English and
Arabic. Starred books are recommended reading. See also C.R.
Marsh, Sharing Your Faith With a Muslim, Chicago, IL; and
North Africa Mission, Reaching Muslims Today: A Short
Handbook, Upper Darby, PA. Additional impor tant materials
are available from (1) Reach Out, Box 18478, Boulder, CO 80308-8478;
(2) Truth Seekers, (contact www.cult-busters.com for new address);
(3) Fellowship of Faith for the Muslims, 205 Yonge Stree, Room 25,
Toronto, Ontario MSB 1N4, Canada; (4) The Samuel Zwimer
Institute, Box 365, Altadina, CA 91001; (5) North Africa Mission,
239 Fairfield Avenue, Upper Darby, PA 19082; (6) Africa Christian
Press, 16 Morwell Street, London WCIB SAP, England; (7) The U.S.
Center for World Missions, 1605 Elizabeth Street, Pasadena, CA
91104.
1. Sir
Norman Anderson (ed.), The World's Religions (Downer's Grove, IL:
InterVarsity, 1976, rev.), p. 91.
2. J.
Christy Wilson, Introdddng Islam (NY: Friendship Press,
1965, rev.), p. 30.
3. A. J.
Arberry, The Koran Interpreted (NY: MacMillian, 1976),
cover statement.
4. C.
George Fry and James R. King, Islam: A Survey of Ike Muslim
Faith (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker, 1981), p. 38.
5. Stephen
Neill, Christian Faith and Other Faiths (Downer's Grove,
IL: InterVarsity, 1984), p. 63.
5a. Robert
A. Morey, The Islamic Invasion (Eugene, OR: Harvest House,
1992), p. 175.
6. Walter
R. Martin, "The Black Muslim Cult," The Kingdom of
the Cults (Minneapolis, MN: Bethany, 1970 edition), pp. 259-275.
*7. Robert
A. Morey, The Islamic Invasion (Eugene, OR: Harvest House,
1992), pp. 21-23 and other materials from the organizations cited
in the footnote section "Note to reader." John
Ankerberg, John Weldon, One World: Bible Prophecy and the New
World Order (Chicago, IL: Moody Press, 1991); the first
edition of this booklet. These will be discussed in detail in a
proposed volume on world religions..
8. Ibid.